title | American Psychological Association 7th edition |
ID | http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa |
rights | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License |
updated | 2022-01-31T14:30:00+00:00 |
link (self) | http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa |
link (template) | http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa-6th-edition |
link (documentation) | https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples |
author | Brenton M. Wiernik (zotero@wiernik.org) |
citation-format | author-date |
field | psychology |
field | generic-base |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" class="in-text" version="1.0" demote-non-dropping-particle="never" page-range-format="expanded"> <info> <title>American Psychological Association 7th edition</title> <title-short>APA</title-short> <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa</id> <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa" rel="self"/> <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa-6th-edition" rel="template"/> <link href="https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples" rel="documentation"/> <author> <name>Brenton M. Wiernik</name> <email>zotero@wiernik.org</email> </author> <category citation-format="author-date"/> <category field="psychology"/> <category field="generic-base"/> <updated>2022-01-31T14:30:00+00:00</updated> <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights> </info> <locale xml:lang="en"> <terms> <term name="editortranslator" form="short"> <single>ed. & trans.</single> <multiple>eds. & trans.</multiple> </term> <term name="translator" form="short">trans.</term> <term name="interviewer" form="short"> <single>interviewer</single> <multiple>interviewers</multiple> </term> <term name="collection-editor" form="short"> <single>ed.</single> <multiple>eds.</multiple> </term> <term name="circa" form="short">ca.</term> <term name="bc"> B.C.E.</term> <term name="ad"> C.E.</term> <term name="letter">personal communication</term> <term name="letter" form="short">letter</term> <term name="issue" form="long"> <single>issue</single> <multiple>issues</multiple> </term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="af"> <terms> <term name="letter">persoonlike kommunikasie</term> <term name="letter" form="short">brief</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="ar"> <terms> <term name="letter">اتصال شخصي</term> <term name="letter" form="short">خطاب</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="bg"> <terms> <term name="letter">лична комуникация</term> <term name="letter" form="short">писмо</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="ca"> <terms> <term name="letter">comunicació personal</term> <term name="letter" form="short">carta</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="cs"> <terms> <term name="letter">osobní komunikace</term> <term name="letter" form="short">dopis</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="cy"> <terms> <term name="letter">cyfathrebu personol</term> <term name="letter" form="short">llythyr</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="da"> <terms> <term name="et-al">et al.</term> <term name="letter">personlig kommunikation</term> <term name="letter" form="short">brev</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="de"> <terms> <term name="et-al">et al.</term> <term name="letter">persönliche Kommunikation</term> <term name="letter" form="short">Brief</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="el"> <terms> <term name="letter">προσωπική επικοινωνία</term> <term name="letter" form="short">επιστολή</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="es"> <terms> <term name="from">de</term> <term name="letter">comunicación personal</term> <term name="letter" form="short">carta</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="et"> <terms> <term name="letter">isiklik suhtlus</term> <term name="letter" form="short">kiri</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="eu"> <terms> <term name="letter">komunikazio pertsonala</term> <term name="letter" form="short">gutuna</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="fa"> <terms> <term name="letter">ارتباط شخصی</term> <term name="letter" form="short">نامه</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="fi"> <terms> <term name="letter">henkilökohtainen viestintä</term> <term name="letter" form="short">kirje</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="fr"> <terms> <term name="letter">communication personnelle</term> <term name="letter" form="short">lettre</term> <term name="editor" form="short"> <single>éd.</single> <multiple>éds.</multiple> </term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="he"> <terms> <term name="letter">תקשורת אישית</term> <term name="letter" form="short">מכתב</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="hr"> <terms> <term name="letter">osobna komunikacija</term> <term name="letter" form="short">pismo</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="hu"> <terms> <term name="letter">személyes kommunikáció</term> <term name="letter" form="short">levél</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="id"> <terms> <term name="letter">komunikasi pribadi</term> <term name="letter" form="short">surat</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="is"> <terms> <term name="letter">persónuleg samskipti</term> <term name="letter" form="short">bréf</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="it"> <terms> <term name="letter">comunicazione personale</term> <term name="letter" form="short">lettera</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="ja"> <terms> <term name="letter">個人的なやり取り</term> <term name="letter" form="short">手紙</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="ko"> <terms> <term name="letter">개인 서신</term> <term name="letter" form="short">편지</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="la"> <terms> <term name="letter"/> <term name="letter" form="short">epistula</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="lt"> <terms> <term name="letter">communicationis personalis</term> <term name="letter" form="short"/> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="lv"> <terms> <term name="letter">personīga komunikācija</term> <term name="letter" form="short">vēstule</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="mn"> <terms> <term name="letter">хувийн харилцаа холбоо</term> <term name="letter" form="short">захиа</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="nb"> <terms> <term name="et-al">et al.</term> <term name="letter">personlig kommunikasjon</term> <term name="letter" form="short">brev</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="nl"> <terms> <term name="et-al">et al.</term> <term name="letter">persoonlijke communicatie</term> <term name="letter" form="short">brief</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="nn"> <terms> <term name="et-al">et al.</term> <term name="letter">personlig kommunikasjon</term> <term name="letter" form="short">brev</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="pl"> <terms> <term name="letter">osobista komunikacja</term> <term name="letter" form="short">list</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="pt"> <terms> <term name="letter">comunicação pessoal</term> <term name="letter" form="short">carta</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="ro"> <terms> <term name="letter">comunicare personală</term> <term name="letter" form="short">scrisoare</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="ru"> <terms> <term name="letter">личная переписка</term> <term name="letter" form="short">письмо</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="sk"> <terms> <term name="letter">osobná komunikácia</term> <term name="letter" form="short">list</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="sl"> <terms> <term name="letter">osebna komunikacija</term> <term name="letter" form="short">pismo</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="sr"> <terms> <term name="letter">лична комуникација</term> <term name="letter" form="short">писмо</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="sv"> <terms> <term name="letter">personlig kommunikation</term> <term name="letter" form="short">brev</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="th"> <terms> <term name="letter">การสื่อสารส่วนบุคคล</term> <term name="letter" form="short">จดหมาย</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="tr"> <terms> <term name="letter">kişisel iletişim</term> <term name="letter" form="short">mektup</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="uk"> <terms> <term name="letter">особисте спілкування</term> <term name="letter" form="short">лист</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="vi"> <terms> <term name="letter">giao tiếp cá nhân</term> <term name="letter" form="short">thư</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="zh-CN"> <terms> <term name="letter">的私人交流</term> <term name="letter" form="short">信函</term> </terms> </locale> <locale xml:lang="zh-TW"> <terms> <term name="letter">私人通訊</term> <term name="letter" form="short">信函</term> </terms> </locale> <!-- General categories of item types: Periodical: article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book Periodical or Booklike: paper-conference Booklike: article book broadcast chapter dataset entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia figure graphic interview manuscript map motion_picture musical_score pamphlet patent personal_communication report song speech thesis post webpage Legal: bill legal_case legislation treaty --> <!-- APA references contain four parts: author, date, title, source --> <macro name="author-bib"> <names variable="composer" delimiter=", "> <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/> <substitute> <names variable="author"/> <names variable="illustrator"/> <names variable="director"> <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/> <label form="long" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/> </names> <choose> <if variable="container-title"> <choose> <if type="book entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="title"> <group delimiter=" "> <text macro="title"/> <text macro="parenthetical"/> </group> </if> <else> <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/> </else> </choose> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> <!-- Test for editortranslator and put that first as that becomes available --> <names variable="editor" delimiter=", "> <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/> <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/> </names> <names variable="editorial-director"> <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/> <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/> </names> <names variable="collection-editor"> <name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/> <label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/> </names> <choose> <if variable="title"> <group delimiter=" "> <text macro="title"/> <text macro="parenthetical"/> </group> </if> <else> <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/> </else> </choose> </substitute> </names> </macro> <macro name="author-intext"> <choose> <if type="bill legal_case legislation treaty" match="any"> <text macro="title-intext"/> </if> <else-if type="interview personal_communication" match="any"> <choose> <!-- These variables indicate that the letter is retrievable by the reader. If not, then use the APA in-text-only personal communication format --> <if variable="archive container-title DOI publisher URL" match="none"> <group delimiter=", "> <names variable="author"> <name and="symbol" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/> <substitute> <text macro="title-intext"/> </substitute> </names> <!-- Replace with term="personal-communication" if that becomes available --> <text term="letter"/> </group> </if> <else> <names variable="author" delimiter=", "> <name form="short" and="symbol" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/> <substitute> <text macro="title-intext"/> </substitute> </names> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else> <names variable="composer" delimiter=", "> <name form="short" and="symbol" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/> <substitute> <names variable="author"/> <names variable="illustrator"/> <names variable="director"/> <choose> <if variable="container-title"> <choose> <if type="book entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia" match="any"> <text macro="title-intext"/> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> <names variable="editor"/> <names variable="editorial-director"/> <text macro="title-intext"/> </substitute> </names> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="date-bib"> <group delimiter=" " prefix="(" suffix=")"> <choose> <if is-uncertain-date="issued"> <text term="circa" form="short"/> </if> </choose> <group> <choose> <if variable="issued"> <date variable="issued"> <date-part name="year"/> </date> <text variable="year-suffix"/> <choose> <if type="article-magazine article-newspaper broadcast interview motion_picture pamphlet personal_communication post post-weblog song speech webpage" match="any"> <!-- Many video and audio examples in manual give full dates. Err on the side of too much information. --> <date variable="issued"> <date-part prefix=", " name="month"/> <date-part prefix=" " name="day"/> </date> </if> <else-if type="paper-conference"> <!-- Capture 'speech' stored as 'paper-conference' --> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="none"> <date variable="issued"> <date-part prefix=", " name="month"/> <date-part prefix=" " name="day"/> </date> </if> </choose> </else-if> <!-- Only year: article article-journal book chapter entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia dataset figure graphic manuscript map musical_score paper-conference[published] patent report review review-book thesis --> </choose> </if> <else-if variable="status"> <group> <text variable="status" text-case="lowercase"/> <text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/> </group> </else-if> <else> <text term="no date" form="short"/> <text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/> </else> </choose> </group> </group> </macro> <macro name="date-sort-group"> <!-- APA sorts 1. no-date items, 2. items with dates, 3. in-press (status) items --> <choose> <if variable="issued"> <text value="1"/> </if> <else-if variable="status"> <text value="2"/> </else-if> <else> <text value="0"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="date-sort-date"> <date variable="issued" form="numeric"/> </macro> <macro name="date-intext"> <choose> <if variable="issued"> <group delimiter="/"> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if is-uncertain-date="original-date"> <text term="circa" form="short"/> </if> </choose> <date variable="original-date"> <date-part name="year"/> </date> </group> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if is-uncertain-date="issued"> <text term="circa" form="short"/> </if> </choose> <group> <choose> <if type="interview personal_communication" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="archive container-title DOI publisher URL" match="none"> <!-- These variables indicate that the communication is retrievable by the reader. If not, then use the in-text-only personal communication format --> <date variable="issued" form="text"/> </if> <else> <date variable="issued"> <date-part name="year"/> </date> </else> </choose> </if> <else> <date variable="issued"> <date-part name="year"/> </date> </else> </choose> <text variable="year-suffix"/> </group> </group> </group> </if> <else-if variable="status"> <text variable="status" text-case="lowercase"/> <text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/> </else-if> <else> <text term="no date" form="short"/> <text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <!-- APA has two description elements following the title: title (parenthetical) [bracketed] --> <macro name="title-and-descriptions"> <choose> <if variable="title"> <group delimiter=" "> <text macro="title"/> <text macro="parenthetical"/> <text macro="bracketed"/> </group> </if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <text macro="bracketed"/> <text macro="parenthetical"/> </group> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="title"> <choose> <if type="post webpage" match="any"> <!-- Webpages are always italicized --> <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/> </if> <else-if variable="container-title" match="any"> <!-- Other types are italicized based on presence of container-title. Assume that review and review-book are published in periodicals/blogs, not just on a web page (ex. 69) --> <text variable="title"/> </else-if> <else> <choose> <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book" match="any"> <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/> </if> <else-if type="paper-conference"> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any"> <group delimiter=": " font-style="italic"> <text variable="title"/> <!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available --> <choose> <if is-numeric="volume" match="none"> <group delimiter=" "> <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="volume"/> </group> </if> </choose> </group> </if> <else> <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else> <group delimiter=": " font-style="italic"> <text variable="title"/> <!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available --> <choose> <if is-numeric="volume" match="none"> <group delimiter=" "> <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="volume"/> </group> </if> </choose> </group> </else> </choose> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="title-intext"> <choose> <if variable="title" match="none"> <text macro="bracketed-intext" prefix="[" suffix="]"/> </if> <else-if type="bill"> <!-- If a bill has no number or container-title, assume it is a hearing; italic --> <choose> <if variable="number container-title" match="none"> <text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/> </if> <else-if variable="title"> <text variable="title" form="short" text-case="title"/> </else-if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="genre"/> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="chapter-number container-title" match="none"> <!-- Replace with label variable="number" as that becomes available --> <text term="issue" form="short"/> </if> </choose> <text variable="number"/> </group> </group> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="legal_case" match="any"> <!-- Cases are italicized --> <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/> </else-if> <else-if type="legislation treaty" match="any"> <!-- Legislation and treaties not italicized or quoted --> <text variable="title" form="short" text-case="title"/> </else-if> <else-if type="post webpage" match="any"> <!-- Webpages are always italicized --> <text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/> </else-if> <else-if variable="container-title" match="any"> <!-- Other types are italicized or quoted based on presence of container-title. As in title macro. --> <text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true" text-case="title"/> </else-if> <else> <text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="parenthetical"> <!-- (Secondary contributors; Database location; Genre no. 123; Report Series 123, Version, Edition, Volume, Page) --> <group prefix="(" suffix=")"> <choose> <if type="patent"> <!-- authority: U.S. ; genre: patent ; number: 123,445 --> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="authority" form="short"/> <choose> <if variable="genre"> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else> <!-- This should be localized --> <text value="patent" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else> </choose> <group delimiter=" "> <!-- Replace with label variable="number" if that becomes available --> <text term="issue" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="number"/> </group> </group> </if> <else-if type="post webpage" match="any"> <!-- For post webpage, container-title is treated as publisher --> <group delimiter="; "> <text macro="secondary-contributors"/> <text macro="database-location"/> <text macro="number"/> <text macro="locators-booklike"/> </group> </else-if> <else-if variable="container-title"> <group delimiter="; "> <text macro="secondary-contributors"/> <choose> <if type="broadcast graphic map motion_picture song" match="any"> <!-- For audiovisual media, number information comes after title, not container-title --> <text macro="number"/> </if> </choose> </group> </else-if> <else> <group delimiter="; "> <text macro="secondary-contributors"/> <text macro="database-location"/> <text macro="number"/> <text macro="locators-booklike"/> </group> </else> </choose> </group> </macro> <macro name="parenthetical-container"> <choose> <if variable="container-title" match="any"> <group prefix="(" suffix=")"> <group delimiter="; "> <text macro="database-location"/> <choose> <if type="broadcast graphic map motion_picture song" match="none"> <!-- For audiovisual media, number information comes after title, not container-title --> <text macro="number"/> </if> </choose> <text macro="locators-booklike"/> </group> </group> </if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="bracketed"> <!-- [Descriptive information] --> <!-- If there is a number, genre is already printed in macro="number" --> <group prefix="[" suffix="]"> <choose> <if variable="reviewed-author reviewed-title" type="review review-book" match="any"> <!-- Reviewed item --> <group delimiter="; "> <group delimiter=", "> <group delimiter=" "> <!-- Assume that genre is entered as 'Review of the book' or similar --> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <choose> <if variable="genre"> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else-if variable="medium"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else-if> <else> <!-- Replace with term="review" as that becomes available --> <text value="Review of"/> </else> </choose> </if> <else> <choose> <if variable="medium"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else> <!-- Replace with term="review" as that becomes available --> <text value="Review of"/> </else> </choose> </else> </choose> <text macro="reviewed-title"/> </group> <names variable="reviewed-author"> <label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> </group> <choose> <if variable="genre" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> </group> </if> <else-if type="thesis"> <!-- Thesis type and institution --> <group delimiter="; "> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <group delimiter=", "> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <choose> <if variable="archive DOI URL" match="any"> <!-- Include the university in brackets if thesis is published --> <text variable="publisher"/> </if> </choose> </group> </if> </choose> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </group> </else-if> <else-if variable="interviewer" type="interview" match="any"> <!-- Interview information --> <choose> <if variable="title"> <text macro="format"/> </if> <else-if variable="genre"> <group delimiter="; "> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <group delimiter=" "> <text term="author" form="verb"/> <names variable="interviewer"> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> </group> </group> </group> </else-if> <else-if variable="interviewer"> <group delimiter="; "> <names variable="interviewer"> <label form="verb" suffix=" " text-case="capitalize-first"/> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </group> </else-if> <else> <text macro="format"/> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="personal_communication"> <!-- Letter information --> <choose> <if variable="recipient"> <group delimiter="; "> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <choose> <if variable="genre"> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else-if variable="medium"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else-if> <else> <text term="letter" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else> </choose> </if> <else> <choose> <if variable="medium"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else> <text term="letter" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else> </choose> </else> </choose> <names variable="recipient" delimiter=", "> <label form="verb" suffix=" "/> <name and="symbol" delimiter=", "/> </names> </group> <choose> <if variable="genre" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> </group> </if> <else> <text macro="format"/> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else-if variable="composer" type="song" match="all"> <!-- Performer of classical music works --> <group delimiter="; "> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="genre"> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available --> <names variable="author" prefix="recorded by "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> </if> <else-if variable="medium"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available --> <names variable="author" prefix="recorded by "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> </else-if> <else> <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available --> <names variable="author" prefix="Recorded by "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> </else> </choose> </group> </if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="medium"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available --> <names variable="author" prefix="recorded by "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> </if> <else> <!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available --> <names variable="author" prefix="Recorded by "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> </else> </choose> </group> </else> </choose> <choose> <if variable="genre" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> </group> </else-if> <else-if variable="container-title" match="none"> <!-- Other description --> <text macro="format"/> </else-if> <else> <!-- For conference presentations, chapters in reports, software, place bracketed after the container title --> <choose> <if type="paper-conference speech" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="any"> <text macro="format"/> </if> </choose> </if> <else-if type="book"> <choose> <if variable="version" match="none"> <text macro="format"/> </if> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="report" match="none"> <text macro="format"/> </else-if> </choose> </else> </choose> </group> </macro> <macro name="bracketed-intext"> <group prefix="[" suffix="]"> <choose> <if variable="reviewed-author reviewed-title" type="review review-book" match="any"> <!-- This should be localized --> <text macro="reviewed-title-intext" prefix="Review of "/> </if> <else-if variable="interviewer" type="interview" match="any"> <names variable="interviewer"> <label form="verb" suffix=" " text-case="capitalize-first"/> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> <substitute> <text macro="format-intext"/> </substitute> </names> </else-if> <else-if type="personal_communication"> <!-- Letter information --> <choose> <if variable="recipient"> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else> <text term="letter" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else> </choose> <names variable="recipient" delimiter=", "> <label form="verb" suffix=" "/> <name and="symbol" delimiter=", "/> </names> </group> </if> <else> <text macro="format-intext"/> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else> <text macro="format-intext"/> </else> </choose> </group> </macro> <macro name="bracketed-container"> <group prefix="[" suffix="]"> <choose> <if type="paper-conference speech" match="any"> <!-- Conference presentations should describe the session [container] in bracketed unless published in a proceedings --> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="none"> <text macro="format"/> </if> </choose> </if> <else-if type="book" variable="version" match="all"> <!-- For entries in mobile app reference works, place bracketed after the container-title --> <text macro="format"/> </else-if> <else-if type="report"> <!-- For chapters in reports, place bracketed after the container title --> <text macro="format"/> </else-if> </choose> </group> </macro> <macro name="secondary-contributors"> <choose> <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book" match="any"> <text macro="secondary-contributors-periodical"/> </if> <else-if type="paper-conference"> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any"> <text macro="secondary-contributors-booklike"/> </if> <else> <text macro="secondary-contributors-periodical"/> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else> <text macro="secondary-contributors-booklike"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="secondary-contributors-periodical"> <group delimiter="; "> <choose> <if variable="title"> <names variable="interviewer" delimiter="; "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/> </names> </if> </choose> <names variable="translator" delimiter="; "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/> </names> </group> </macro> <macro name="secondary-contributors-booklike"> <group delimiter="; "> <choose> <if variable="title"> <names variable="interviewer"> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/> </names> </if> </choose> <!-- When editortranslator becomes available, add a test: variable="editortranslator" match="none"; then print translator --> <choose> <if type="post webpage" match="none"> <!-- Webpages treat container-title like publisher --> <choose> <if variable="container-title" match="none"> <group delimiter="; "> <names variable="container-author"> <label form="verb-short" suffix=" " text-case="title"/> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> <names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/> </names> </group> </if> </choose> </if> <else> <group delimiter="; "> <names variable="container-author"> <label form="verb-short" suffix=" " text-case="title"/> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> </names> <names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; "> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> <label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/> </names> </group> </else> </choose> </group> </macro> <macro name="database-location"> <choose> <if variable="archive-place" match="none"> <!-- With `archive-place`: physical archives. Without: online archives. --> <!-- Add archive_collection as that becomes available --> <text variable="archive_location"/> </if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="number"> <choose> <if variable="number"> <group delimiter=", "> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="genre" text-case="title"/> <choose> <if is-numeric="number"> <!-- Replace with label variable="number" if that becomes available --> <text term="issue" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="number"/> </if> <else> <text variable="number"/> </else> </choose> </group> <choose> <if type="thesis"> <choose> <!-- Include the university in brackets if thesis is published --> <if variable="archive DOI URL" match="any"> <text variable="publisher"/> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> </group> </if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="locators-booklike"> <choose> <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper broadcast interview patent post post-weblog review review-book speech webpage" match="any"/> <else-if type="paper-conference"> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any"> <group delimiter=", "> <text macro="version"/> <text macro="edition"/> <text macro="volume-booklike"/> </group> </if> </choose> </else-if> <else> <group delimiter=", "> <text macro="version"/> <text macro="edition"/> <text macro="volume-booklike"/> </group> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="version"> <choose> <if is-numeric="version"> <group delimiter=" "> <!-- replace with label variable="version" if that becomes available --> <text term="version" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="version"/> </group> </if> <else> <text variable="version"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="edition"> <choose> <if is-numeric="edition"> <group delimiter=" "> <number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/> <label variable="edition" form="short"/> </group> </if> <else> <text variable="edition"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="volume-booklike"> <group delimiter=", "> <!-- Report series [ex. 52] --> <choose> <if type="report"> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="collection-title" text-case="title"/> <text variable="collection-number"/> </group> </if> </choose> <choose> <if variable="volume" match="any"> <choose> <!-- Non-numeric volumes are already printed as part of the book title --> <if is-numeric="volume" match="none"/> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <number variable="volume" form="numeric"/> </group> </else> </choose> </if> <else> <group> <!-- Replace with label variable="number-of-volumes" if that becomes available --> <text term="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/> <text term="page-range-delimiter" prefix="1"/> <number variable="number-of-volumes" form="numeric"/> </group> </else> </choose> <group delimiter=" "> <label variable="issue" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="issue"/> </group> <group delimiter=" "> <label variable="page" form="short" suffix=" "/> <text variable="page"/> </group> </group> </macro> <macro name="reviewed-title"> <choose> <if variable="reviewed-title"> <!-- Not possible to distinguish TV series episode from other reviewed works [Ex. 69] --> <text variable="reviewed-title" font-style="italic"/> </if> <else> <!-- Assume title is title of reviewed work --> <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="reviewed-title-intext"> <choose> <if variable="reviewed-title"> <!-- Not possible to distinguish TV series episode from other reviewed works [Ex. 69] --> <text variable="reviewed-title" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/> </if> <else> <!-- Assume title is title of reviewed work --> <text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <macro name="format"> <choose> <if variable="genre medium" match="any"> <group delimiter="; "> <choose> <if variable="number" match="none"> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> </choose> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </group> </if> <!-- Generic labels for specific types --> <!-- These should be localized when possible --> <else-if type="dataset"> <text value="Data set"/> </else-if> <else-if type="book" variable="version" match="all"> <!-- Replace with type="software" and term="software" as that becomes available --> <text value="Computer software"/> </else-if> <else-if type="interview personal_communication" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="archive container-title DOI publisher URL" match="none"> <text term="letter" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else-if type="interview"> <text term="interview" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else-if> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="map"> <text value="Map"/> </else-if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="format-intext"> <choose> <if variable="genre" match="any"> <text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else-if variable="medium"> <text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else-if> <!-- Generic labels for specific types --> <!-- These should be localized when possible --> <else-if type="dataset"> <text value="Data set"/> </else-if> <else-if type="book" variable="version" match="all"> <!-- Replace with type="software" and term="software" as that becomes available --> <text value="Computer software"/> </else-if> <else-if type="interview personal_communication" match="any"> <choose> <if variable="archive container-title DOI publisher URL" match="none"> <text term="letter" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else-if type="interview"> <text term="interview" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </else-if> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="map"> <text value="Map"/> </else-if> </choose> </macro> <!-- APA 'source' element contains four parts: container, event, publisher, access --> <macro name="container"> <choose> <if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog review review-book" match="any"> <!-- Periodical items --> <text macro="container-periodical"/> </if> <else-if type="paper-conference"> <!-- Determine if paper-conference is a periodical or booklike --> <choose> <if variable="editor editorial-director collection-editor container-author" match="any"> <text macro="container-booklike"/> </if> <else> <text macro="container-periodical"/> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="post webpage" match="none"> <!-- post and webpage treat container-title like publisher --> <text macro="container-booklike"/> </else-if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="container-periodical"> <group delimiter=". "> <group delimiter=", "> <text variable="container-title" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/> <choose> <if variable="volume"> <group> <text variable="volume" font-style="italic"/> <text variable="issue" prefix="(" suffix=")"/> </group> </if> <else> <text variable="issue" font-style="italic"/> </else> </choose> <choose> <if variable="number"> <!-- Ex. 6: Journal article with article number or eLocator --> <!-- This should be localized --> <group delimiter=" "> <text term="article-locator" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="number"/> </group> </if> <else> <text variable="page"/> </else> </choose> </group> <choose> <if variable="issued"> <choose> <if variable="issue page volume" match="none"> <text variable="status" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> </group> </macro> <macro name="container-booklike"> <choose> <if variable="container-title" match="any"> <group delimiter=" "> <text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <group delimiter=", "> <names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", & "> <!-- Change to editortranslator and move editor to substitute as that becomes available --> <name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/> <label form="short" text-case="title" prefix=" (" suffix=")"/> <substitute> <names variable="editorial-director"/> <names variable="collection-editor"/> <names variable="container-author"/> </substitute> </names> <group delimiter=": " font-style="italic"> <text variable="container-title"/> <!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available --> <choose> <if is-numeric="volume" match="none"> <group delimiter=" "> <label variable="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="volume"/> </group> </if> </choose> </group> </group> <text macro="parenthetical-container"/> <text macro="bracketed-container"/> </group> </if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="publisher"> <group delimiter="; "> <choose> <if type="thesis"> <choose> <if variable="archive DOI URL" match="none"> <text variable="publisher"/> </if> </choose> </if> <else-if type="post webpage" match="any"> <!-- For websites, treat container title like publisher --> <group delimiter="; "> <text variable="container-title" text-case="title"/> <text variable="publisher"/> </group> </else-if> <else-if type="paper-conference"> <!-- For paper-conference, don't print publisher if in a journal-like proceedings --> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director" match="any"> <text variable="publisher"/> </if> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper post-weblog" match="none"> <text variable="publisher"/> </else-if> </choose> <group delimiter=", "> <choose> <if variable="archive-place"> <!-- With `archive-place`: physical archives. Without: online archives. --> <!-- For physical archives, print the location before the archive name. For electronic archives, these are printed in macro="description". --> <!-- Split "archive_location" into "archive_collection" and "archive_location" as that becomes available --> <!-- Must test for archive_collection: With collection: archive_collection (archive_location), archive, archive-place No collection: archive (archive_location), archive-place --> <text variable="archive_location"/> </if> </choose> <text variable="archive"/> <text variable="archive-place"/> </group> </group> </macro> <macro name="access"> <choose> <if variable="DOI" match="any"> <text variable="DOI" prefix="https://doi.org/"/> </if> <else-if variable="URL"> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="issued status" match="none"> <group delimiter=" "> <text term="retrieved" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <date variable="accessed" form="text" suffix=","/> <text term="from"/> </group> </if> </choose> <text variable="URL"/> </group> </else-if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="event"> <choose> <if variable="event event-title" match="any"> <!-- To prevent Zotero from printing event-place due to its double-mapping of all 'place' to both publisher-place and event-place. Remove this 'choose' when that is changed. --> <choose> <if variable="collection-editor editor editorial-director issue page volume" match="none"> <!-- Don't print event info if published in a proceedings --> <group delimiter=", "> <text macro="event-title"/> <text variable="event-place"/> </group> </if> </choose> </if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="event-title"> <choose> <!-- TODO: We expect "event-title" to be used, but processors and applications may not be updated yet. This macro ensures that either "event" or "event-title" can be accpeted. Remove if procesor logic and application adoption can handle this. --> <if variable="event-title"> <text variable="event-title"/> </if> <else> <text variable="event"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <!-- After 'source', APA also prints publication history (original publication, reprint info, retraction info) --> <macro name="publication-history"> <choose> <if type="patent" match="none"> <group prefix="(" suffix=")"> <choose> <if variable="references"> <!-- This provides the option for more elaborate description of publication history, such as full "reprinted" references (examples 11, 43, 44) or retracted references --> <text variable="references"/> </if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <text value="Original work published"/> <choose> <if is-uncertain-date="original-date"> <text term="circa" form="short"/> </if> </choose> <date variable="original-date"> <date-part name="year"/> </date> </group> </else> </choose> </group> </if> <else> <text variable="references" prefix="(" suffix=")"/> </else> </choose> </macro> <!-- Legal citations have their own rules --> <macro name="legal-cites"> <choose> <if type="legal_case"> <group delimiter=". "> <group delimiter=", "> <text variable="title"/> <group delimiter=" "> <text macro="container-legal"/> <text macro="date-legal"/> </group> <text variable="references"/> </group> <text macro="access"/> </group> </if> <else-if type="bill"> <!-- Currently designed to handle bills, resolutions, hearings, rederal reports. --> <group delimiter=". "> <group delimiter=", "> <choose> <if variable="number container-title" match="none"> <!-- If no number or container-title, then assume it is a hearing --> <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/> </if> <else> <text variable="title"/> </else> </choose> <group delimiter=" "> <text macro="container-legal"/> <text macro="date-legal"/> <choose> <if variable="number container-title" match="none"> <!-- If no number or container-title, then assume it is a hearing --> <names variable="author" prefix="(testimony of " suffix=")"> <name and="symbol" delimiter=", "/> </names> </if> <else> <text variable="status" prefix="(" suffix=")"/> </else> </choose> </group> <text variable="references"/> </group> <text macro="access"/> </group> </else-if> <else-if type="legislation"> <!-- Currently designed to handle statutes, codified regulations, executive orders. For uncodified regulations, assume future code section is in status. --> <group delimiter=". "> <group delimiter=", "> <text variable="title"/> <group delimiter=" "> <text macro="container-legal"/> <text macro="date-legal"/> <text variable="status" prefix="(" suffix=")"/> </group> <text variable="references"/> </group> <text macro="access"/> </group> </else-if> <else-if type="treaty"> <!-- APA generally defers to Bluebook for legal citations, but diverges without explanation for treaty items. The Bluebook format that was used in APA 6th ed. is used here. --> <group delimiter=", "> <text variable="title" text-case="title"/> <names variable="author"> <name initialize-with="." form="short" delimiter="-"/> </names> <text macro="date-legal"/> <text macro="container-legal"/> <text macro="access"/> </group> </else-if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="date-legal"> <choose> <if type="legal_case"> <group prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter=" "> <text variable="authority"/> <choose> <if variable="container-title" match="any"> <!-- Print only year for cases published in reporters--> <date variable="issued" form="numeric" date-parts="year"/> </if> <else> <date variable="issued" form="text"/> </else> </choose> </group> </if> <else-if type="bill legislation" match="any"> <group prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter=" "> <group delimiter=" "> <date variable="original-date"> <date-part name="year"/> </date> <text term="and" form="symbol"/> </group> <date variable="issued"> <date-part name="year"/> </date> </group> </else-if> <else-if type="treaty"> <date variable="issued" form="text"/> </else-if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="container-legal"> <!-- Expect legal item container-titles to be stored in short form --> <choose> <if type="legal_case"> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="container-title"> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="volume"/> <text variable="container-title"/> <group delimiter=" "> <!-- Change to label variable="section" as that becomes available --> <text term="section" form="symbol"/> <text variable="section"/> </group> <choose> <if variable="page page-first" match="any"> <text variable="page-first"/> </if> <else> <text value="___"/> </else> </choose> </group> </if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if is-numeric="number"> <!-- Replace with label variable="number" if that becomes available --> <text term="issue" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> </choose> <text variable="number"/> </group> </else> </choose> </group> </if> <else-if type="bill"> <group delimiter=", "> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="genre"/> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if variable="chapter-number container-title" match="none"> <!-- Replace with label variable="number" as that becomes available --> <text term="issue" form="short"/> </if> </choose> <text variable="number"/> </group> </group> <text variable="authority"/> <text variable="chapter-number"/> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="volume"/> <text variable="container-title"/> <text variable="page-first"/> </group> </group> </else-if> <else-if type="legislation"> <choose> <if variable="number"> <!--There's a public law number--> <group delimiter=", "> <text variable="number" prefix="Pub. L. No. "/> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="volume"/> <text variable="container-title"/> <text variable="page-first"/> </group> </group> </if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <text variable="volume"/> <text variable="container-title"/> <choose> <if variable="section"> <group delimiter=" "> <!-- Change to label variable="section" as that becomes available --> <text term="section" form="symbol"/> <text variable="section"/> </group> </if> <else> <text variable="page-first"/> </else> </choose> </group> </else> </choose> </else-if> <else-if type="treaty"> <group delimiter=" "> <number variable="volume"/> <text variable="container-title"/> <choose> <if variable="page page-first" match="any"> <text variable="page-first"/> </if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <!-- Replace with label variable="number" if that becomes available --> <text term="issue" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/> <text variable="number"/> </group> </else> </choose> </group> </else-if> </choose> </macro> <macro name="citation-locator"> <group delimiter=" "> <choose> <if locator="chapter"> <label variable="locator" text-case="capitalize-first"/> </if> <else> <label variable="locator" form="short"/> </else> </choose> <text variable="locator"/> </group> </macro> <citation et-al-min="3" et-al-use-first="1" disambiguate-add-year-suffix="true" disambiguate-add-names="true" disambiguate-add-givenname="true" collapse="year" givenname-disambiguation-rule="primary-name-with-initials"> <sort> <key macro="author-bib" names-min="3" names-use-first="1"/> <key macro="date-sort-group"/> <key macro="date-sort-date" sort="ascending"/> <key variable="status"/> </sort> <layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter="; "> <group delimiter=", "> <text macro="author-intext"/> <text macro="date-intext"/> <text macro="citation-locator"/> </group> </layout> </citation> <bibliography hanging-indent="true" et-al-min="21" et-al-use-first="19" et-al-use-last="true" entry-spacing="0" line-spacing="2"> <sort> <key macro="author-bib"/> <key macro="date-sort-group"/> <key macro="date-sort-date" sort="ascending"/> <key variable="status"/> <key macro="title"/> </sort> <layout> <choose> <if type="bill legal_case legislation treaty" match="any"> <!-- Legal items have different orders and delimiters --> <choose> <if variable="DOI URL" match="any"> <text macro="legal-cites"/> </if> <else> <text macro="legal-cites" suffix="."/> </else> </choose> </if> <else> <group delimiter=" "> <group delimiter=". " suffix="."> <text macro="author-bib"/> <text macro="date-bib"/> <text macro="title-and-descriptions"/> <text macro="container"/> <text macro="event"/> <text macro="publisher"/> </group> <text macro="access"/> <text macro="publication-history"/> </group> </else> </choose> </layout> </bibliography> </style>